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"Kamboja" or "Kambuja"〔Grhya Sutra verse 2.1.23.〕 is the name of an ancient Indo-Iranian kingdom. They are believed to have been located originally in Pamirs and Badakshan in Central Asia. The name has a long history of attestation, both in the Iranian and the Indo-Aryan spheres. *In Sanskrit literature, it appears from the middle Vedic period (Iron Age). While not reflected in the Vedic samhitas, it is attested in the later Brahmana stage (ca. 7th century BCE) in the Vamsa Brahmana, as well as in Yaska's ''Nirukta''. Kamboja becomes tangible as a Mahajanapada kingdom in the Hindukush from the Epic Sanskrit stage. Kambojas enter India proper with the Indo-Scythian invasion and the name becomes established as the dynastic name of a number of ancient and medieval kingdoms of Bengal, Tibet, South India, Sri Lanka and Indochina *In Iranian, ''Kambuj'' is reflected in the name of Cambyses of Anshan in the early 6th century BCE. The name appears in Old Persian as ''C-n-b-n-z-y'' in Aramaic, ''Kambuzia'' in Assyrian, ''Kambythet'' in Egyptian, ''Kam-bu-zi-ia'' in Assyrian, ''Kan-bu-zi-ia'' in Elamite, ''Kanpuziya''. The etymology of Kamboja (or Kambuja, Kambujiya) is unclear. There are several suggestions, most scholars favouring Iranian origin (visible in the de-aspiration of the ''b'', from an Indo-Iranian ''bhuj''). Inspired by the proper name ''Cambyses'', Michael Witzel proposes that the name may originate as a title given to the Persian crown prince.〔'Kamboja may have been the title of the Persian crown prince, whence he perhaps got the name ''Cambyses'' (Old Pers. ''Kambaujiya'').' This speculation had already been proposed by Charpantier and criticized by La Vallée Poussin. ... The Manava Dharma Shastra mentions the Yavanas and the Kambojas ...—along with the Dravidas, the Shakas, the Chinese and others—as being Kshatriyas who gradually went down to reach the level of Shudras because they did not observe Brahmanical law." Johannes Bronkhorst, ''Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India'', BRILL, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15719-4 p. 358.〕 ==Royal title== H. W. Bailey analyzes the name Kamboja as ''Kam-bauja-'' or ''Kan-bauja-'' and focuses on the second part -bauja. This should be the form belonging to the three Iranian roots *Baug-: (1) "to bend", (2) "to free, loose, deliver, save", (3) "to possess, be lord, rule". The same root appears as ''bhuj'' "use, possess; rule, govern". The first part of the compound would then be ''kam'', which Bailey interprets as Avestan ''kan'' "to long, want", related to Sanskrit ''kama'' "desire, lust". The Old Indian lexeme occurs in compounds where it means "at will" i.e. ''Kama-krta, kama-cara, Kama-vritti''. Avestan has vaso-xsathro, "ruling at will". Bailey's interpretation for Kambujiya or Kamboja is "king ruling at will" or ultimately, "king at will".〔Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 67-71, H. W. Bailey; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier.〕 Another interpretation (Seth 1937) accept's ''bhuj'' as the root of the second element, but takes the ''kam'' as the name of a particular region, thus "ruler of Kam", ''Kam'' being interpreted as referring to the territory of Sogdia.〔HC Seth in Central Asiatic Provinces of the Maurya Empire in Indian Historical Quarterly, XIII (1937), No. 3, p. 403. "The etymology of the word Kamboja (Kam + bhuj) suggests that it refers to a people who were the masters (enjoyers) of the country known as Kum or Kam (Rai & Dev). This line of thought suggests a possible identification of the country of Kambojas with mountainous regions between the Oxus and the Jaxartes (i.e. the old Sogdian strapy). () The mountainous highlands where Jaxartes and many other rivers which meet this great river arise, are called by Ptolemy as "the Highlands of Komdei". Ammianus Marcellinus also call these Sogdian mountains as Komedas. The word Komedai and Komedas suggest Kom-desa or land of Kome. We learn from Ptolemy that a tribe variously called by him as Komaroi, Komedai, Khomaroi, Komoi and Tambyzoi was wide spread in the Highlands of Bactriana, Sogdiana and Sakai. It is difficult to say, at present, how far the vast tracts of land on either side of Oxus called as Kyzyl Kum or Kizil Kum, Kok-kum and Kara Kum may yet bear the traces of the name of this once a great and powerful people"〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kamboja (name)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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